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69 Publications visible to you, out of a total of 69
Chemical Shift and Coupling Constant Analysis of Dibenzyloxy Disulfides

Abstract (Expand)

Dialkoxy disulfides have found applications in the realm of organic synthesis as an S2 or alkoxy donor, under thermal and photolytic decompositions conditions, respectively. Spectrally, dibenzyloxy … disulfides possess an ABq in the 1H NMR, which can shift by over 1.1 ppm depending on the substituents present on the aromatic ring, as well as the solvent employed. The effect of the said substituents and solvent were analyzed and compared to the center of the ABq, geminal coupling, and the differences in chemical shifts of the individual doublets. Additionally, quantum-chemical calculations demonstrated the intramolecular H-bonding arrangement, found within the dibenzyloxy disulfides.

Authors: Eric G. Stoutenburg, Ganna Gryn’ova, Michelle L. Coote, Ronny Priefer

Date Published: 1st Feb 2015

Publication Type: Journal

Experimental Evidence for Competitive N-O and O-C Bond Homolysis in Gas-Phase Alkoxyamines

Abstract (Expand)

The extensive use of alkoxyamines in controlled radical polymerisation and polymer stabilisation is based on rapid cycling between the alkoxyamine (R1R2NOR3) and a stable nitroxyl radical (R1R2NO•) via … homolysis of the labile OC bond. Competing homolysis of the alkoxyamine NO bond has been predicted to occur for some substituents leading to production of aminyl and alkoxyl radicals. This intrinsic competition between the OC and NO bond homolysis processes has to this point been difficult to probe experimentally. Herein we examine the effect of local molecular structure on the competition between NO and OC bond cleavage in the gas phase by variable energy tandem mass spectrometry in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A suite of cyclic alkoxyamines with remote carboxylic acid moieties (HOOCR1R2NOR3) were synthesised and subjected to negative ion electrospray ionisation to yield [M − H]− anions where the charge is remote from the alkoxyamine moiety. Collision-induced dissociation of these anions yield product ions resulting, almost exclusively, from homolysis of OC and/or NO bonds. The relative efficacy of NO and OC bond homolysis was examined for alkoxyamines incorporating different R3 substituents by varying the potential difference applied to the collision cell, and comparing dissociation thresholds of each product ion channel. For most R3 substituents, product ions from homolysis of the OC bond are observed and product ions resulting from cleavage of the NO bond are minor or absent. A limited number of examples were encountered however, where NO homolysis is a competitive dissociation pathway because the OC bond is stabilised by adjacent heteroatom(s) (e.g. R3 = CH2F). The dissociation threshold energies were compared for different alkoxyamine substituents (R3) and the relative ordering of these experimentally determined energies is shown to correlate with the bond dissociation free energies, calculated by ab initio methods. Understanding the structure-dependent relationship between these rival processes will assist in the design and selection of alkoxyamine motifs that selectively promote the desirable OC homolysis pathway.

Authors: David L. Marshall, Ganna Gryn'ova, Michelle L. Coote, Philip J. Barker, Stephen J. Blanksby

Date Published: 1st Feb 2015

Publication Type: Journal

Experimental Demonstration of pH-Dependent Electrostatic Catalysis of Radical Reactions

Abstract (Expand)

Time-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate significant pH-dependent electrostatic effects on the kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogen atom transfer between … 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid (4-CT-H) and the profluorescent nitroxide {2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-1-piperidinyl}oxidanyl radical (PFN) in dichloromethane. This pH switching does not occur when 4-CT-H is replaced with a structurally analogous hydroxylamine that lacks an acid-base group, or when the polarity of the solvent is increased. These findings validate our recent theoretical predictions that electrostatic stabilisation of delocalised radicals is of functional significance in low polarity environments.

Authors: Marta Klinska, Leesa M. Smith, Ganna Gryn'ova, Martin G. Banwell, Michelle L. Coote

Date Published: 2015

Publication Type: Journal

Entropy-Driven Chain Effects on Ligation Chemistry

Abstract (Expand)

We report the investigation of fundamental entropic chain effects that enable the tuning of modular ligation chemistry – for example dynamic Diels–Alder (DA) reactions in materials applications – not … only classically via the chemistry of the applied reaction sites, but also via the physical and steric properties of the molecules that are being joined. Having a substantial impact on the reaction equilibrium of the reversible ligation chemistry, these effects are important when transferring reactions from small molecule studies to larger or other entropically very dissimilar systems. The effects on the DA equilibrium and thus the temperature dependent degree of debonding (%debond) of different cyclopentadienyl (di-)functional poly(meth-)acrylate backbones (poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(iso-butyl methacrylate), poly(tert-butyl methacrylate), poly(iso-butyl acrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(tert-butyl acrylate), poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(isobornyl acrylate)), linked via a difunctional cyanodithioester (CDTE) were examined via high temperature (HT) NMR spectroscopy as well as temperature dependent (TD) SEC measurements. A significant impact of not only chain mass and length with a difference in the degree of debonding of up to 30% for different lengths of macromonomers of the same polymer type but – remarkably – as well the chain stiffness with a difference in bonding degrees of nearly 20% for isomeric poly(butyl acrylates) is found. The results were predicted, reproduced and interpreted via quantum chemical calculations, leading to a better understanding of the underlying entropic principles.

Authors: Kai Pahnke, Josef Brandt, Ganna Gryn'ova, Peter Lindner, Ralf Schweins, Friedrich Georg Schmidt, Albena Lederer, Michelle L. Coote, Christopher Barner-Kowollik

Date Published: 2015

Publication Type: Journal

Mechanisms and Energetics of Potassium Channel Block by Local Anesthetics and Antifungal Agents

Abstract (Expand)

Many drug molecules inhibit the conduction of several families of cation channels by binding to a small cavity just below the selectivity filter of the channel protein. The exact mechanisms governing … drug–channel binding and the subsequent inhibition of conduction are not well understood. Here the inhibition of two K+ channel isoforms, Kv1.2 and KCa3.1, by two drug molecules, lidocaine and TRAM-34, is examined in atomic detail using molecular dynamics simulations. A conserved valine-alanine-valine motif in the inner cavity is found to be crucial for drug binding in both channels, consistent with previous studies of similar systems. Potential of mean force calculations show that lidocaine in its charged form creates an energy barrier of ∼6 kT for a permeating K+ ion when the ion is crossing over the drug, while the neutral form of lidocaine has no significant effect on the energetics of ion permeation. On the other hand, TRAM-34 in the neutral form is able to create a large energy barrier of ∼10 kT by causing the permeating ion to dehydrate. Our results suggest that TRAM-34 analogues that remain neutral and permeable to membranes under acidic conditions common to inflammation may act as possible drug scaffolds for combating local anesthetic failure in inflammation.

Authors: Rong Chen, Ganna Gryn’ova, Yingliang Wu, Michelle L. Coote, Shin-Ho Chung

Date Published: 24th Oct 2014

Publication Type: Journal

Desorption Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry of Stabilised Polyesters Reveals Activation of Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers

Abstract (Expand)

The use of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) to retard thermo- and photo-degradation of polymers has become increasingly common. Proposed mechanisms of polymer stabilisation involve significant … changes to the HALS chemical structure; however, reports of the characterisation of these modified chemical species are limited. To better understand the fate of HALS and determine their in situ modifications, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was employed to characterise ten commercially available HALS present in polyester-based coil coatings. TINUVIN® 770, 292, 144, 123, 152, and NOR371; HOSTAVIN® 3052, 3055, 3050, and 3058 were separately formulated with a pigmented, thermosetting polyester resin, cured on metal at 262 °C and analysed directly by DESI-MS. High-level ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations were also undertaken to aid the mechanistic interpretation of the results. For HALS containing N-substituted piperidines (i.e., N–CH3, N–C(O)CH3, and N–OR) a secondary piperidine (N–H) analogue was detected in all cases. The formation of these intermediates can be explained either through hydrogen abstraction based mechanisms or direct N–OR homolysis with the former dominant under normal service temperatures (ca. 25–80 °C), and the latter potentially becoming competitive under the high temperatures associated with curing (ca. 230–260 °C).

Authors: Martin R.L. Paine, Ganna Gryn'ova, Michelle L. Coote, Philip J. Barker, Stephen J. Blanksby

Date Published: 2014

Publication Type: Journal

Radical orbital switching

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: G. Gryn’ova, M. L. Coote

Date Published: 2014

Publication Type: Misc

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